Founded in 1903 in Indian Territory, Boley, Oklahoma, became one of the nation's most successful All-Black towns, where Black residents built thriving businesses, schools, and self-government while escaping Jim Crow oppression. The town played an important role in the civil rights movement by helping challenge Oklahoma's discriminatory voting laws, contributing to the 1915 Supreme Court decision in Guinn v. United States. Despite surviving economic decline and a 1932 bank robbery attempt by members of the Pretty Boy Floyd gang, Boley still exists today and is recognized as a National Historic Landmark and a stop on the Oklahoma Civil Rights Trail.